Sound/Volume Control Not Working on Macbook Pro

I have a late 2009/early 2010 Macbook Pro running Snow Leopard (fully updated), and recently I had the tip of the headphones snap off in the audio jack. When I restarted the computer after trying to remove the tip, my sound icon was grayed out.

Since the sound icon is grayed out, I cannot adjust the volume or get any sound to play from the computer speakers. When I try, I get this:

However, the startup chime still plays fine, so I know the speakers are still working. So far I've tried:

1. Resetting the PRAM several times ([url]http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t=1372430[/url])

2. Renaming the /Library/Preferences/Audio folder, restarting, and repairing disk permission with Disk Utility ([url]https://discussions.apple.com/thread/3240465?start=0&tstart=0[/url])

3. Starting the computer while holding down the spacebar

4. Resetting the SMC ([url]http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3964?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US[/url])

As pictured below, I only have "Digital Out", I don't have the expected "Line Out" or "Internal Speakers" option, so I can't change anything in System Preferences.

It should be noted that I could not get the tip of the headphones out - it's still in the audio jack. When I push the broken half of the headphones in so that it makes contact with the tip, the speaker icon becomes black again and I get the Headphones option in System Preferences, however, no sound comes through the headphones or out the speakers.