<<. The cable I use now is 1.5 meters, do you think that this would be a problem because of the adapter? >>
YES, that is Exactly what I stated above. Newer version of MacOS are now checking for transmission errors, and if any occur, the resolution is lowered and/or the display goes blank.
<< Could it be, that the OS "remembers" the monitors max resolution somehow? >>
NO, the Mac re-derives the resolutions supported each time a display is detected.
To get a Mac display to become active, you need the Mac to query the display, and the display to answer with its name and capabilities. Otherwise, the display will not be shown as present, and no data will be sent to the display. "No signal detected" is generated by the DISPLAY, not by the Mac.
This query is only sent at certain times:
• at startup
• at wake from sleep — so momentarily sleeping and waking your Mac may work
• at insertion of the Mac-end of the display-cable, provided everything on that cable is ready-to-go
• hold the Option key while you click on the (Detect Display) button that will appear in Displays preferences (from another display)
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The cables required for high resolution hi-color displays far exceed "ordinary" HDMI cable pulled from behind your TV set.
HDMI cables you want for HDMI-only Displays (higher resolutions than 720p TV sets) are marked as Certified with an anti-counterfeiting tag and are labeled:
"Premium High Speed HDMI cable" or that + "with Ethernet" --OR--
"Ultra High Speed HDMI cable" or that + "48G"
Cables with No Certification tags are good for your standard 720p TV set, and not much more.
HDMI was invented for HD TV sets. it works great at its original resolution of 720i or 720p. At higher resolutions, it quickly develops issues that are complex to solve, and the cables and adapters required to solve are NOT intuitive.