When to charge your iPhone or iPad

There's a lot of myth and folklore surrounding charging iOS devices (or actually any device that uses Lithium technology batteries). A lot of it comes from the advice given for older technologies, such as Nickel-Cadmium or Nickel-Metal-Hydride batteries. None of this applies to Lithium Ion batteries, however, and some of what we "know" from the NiCd and NiMH days is actually harmful to modern battery technology.

So what are the "rules" for charging? The most basic one is charge whenever you want to, for a long as you want to. There's no reason to let the device drain completely before charging (in fact, it's a bad idea to do that on a regular basis), and there's no need to wait until it reaches 100% before removing it from the power source. You can charge when it's at 40% and disconnect when it reaches 80%, or any other values, without hurting the phone. And you don't have to turn it off to charge it; in fact, you shouldn’t. And you can leave it plugged in while using it if you want to.

The Best Practice, however, is to charge the phone overnight, every night. As it stops automatically at 100% you can't overcharge it doing this. You thus start the day with a fully charged phone. And, if you configure the phone for automatic backup using iTunes or iCloud, the phone will back up every night when it has a WiFi connection and is asleep.

With iOS 13 and later iOS devices now have an Optimized Charging option. With this enabled, if you charge overnight the phone will stop charging at 80%, then resume charging in time to reach 100% in time to meet your normal usage pattern. During the nighttime pause the phone will use mains power instead of battery power, allowing the battery to “rest”, and thus reducing the need to charge the battery quite as often; over the long term this will extend the useful life of the battery.*SEE NOTE BELOW The phone will resume charging to reach 100% when you are ready to use your phone; it will “learn” your usage pattern. The figure below shows how Optimized Charging works; notice that it started charging when put on a wireless charger around 9:30 PM, stopped charging at 80% a short while later, then resumed charging at 6 AM to reach 100% around 7 AM.

With iPhone 15 series Apple added a feature that limits charging to 80%, based on the assumption that leaving a Lithium ion battery at 100% for long periods of time will cause some degradation. While this is meaningful in your EV car, which may remain parked for days at a time, or your laptop that you leave plugged in for days or weeks, it will make little if any difference for an iPhone that is used constantly, and, if Optimized Charging is enabled, will only be at 100% for an hour a day or so. (Newer MacBooks also automatically limit a usually plugged-in device to 80%).

You can charge an iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch with any quality USB-A or USB-C power source and matching cable. Essentially any Apple power source and cable that fit into the connectors at either end are compatible and safe to use. There will be performance differences, with USB-C faster than USB-A to charge, but they will all work (except that a USB-A “cube” doesn’t have sufficient power to charge an iPad). For an iPhone 12 or later you can fast charge using a 20 watt or higher power USB-C that meets the PD spec. The Apple 20 watt and higher is PD compatible, but not all 3rd party power sources are yet.

What if your battery Life isn’t where you think it should be?

Here is Apple’s guidance for managing battery life→If the battery in your iPhone drains too quickly - Apple Support

Want more details?

• The "charger" for an iOS device is built into the device (Specifically, a “U2 Tristar” microcircuit). It is not the thingy that plugs into the wall, and it is not the cable that connects the thingy that plugs into the wall to the phone. They are just a source of current and a way to get it to the phone, respectively.
• Completely draining a Lithium Ion battery, even once, will kill it. (Unlike NiCd and NiMH, which people really would drain completely to prevent "memory effect").
• The internal charger is "smart" - It will prevent the device from being overcharged, and it will attempt to prevent the device from totally draining the battery by shutting down the device before the battery is fully depleted.
• When the phone shuts off at 0% it really isn't zero; there's still sufficient charge on the device to prevent the battery from going completely flat. Likewise, 100% is not the maximum the battery can store; it stops charging slightly short of maximum to prevent overcharging.
• The worst thing you can do is drain the battery to 0%, then not charge it immediately. After it reaches zero and shuts off there's a small amount of energy left, but if you leave it uncharged for long it WILL go flat and kill the battery. So if it reaches zero, charge it soon (within hours).
• It’s best to charge it when it goes below 20%, primarily to avoid the risk of it going to zero when you don’t have a charger available, and to prevent unexpected shutdowns when you might need the phone. The phone helpfully changes the color of the battery icon to yellow below 20% and enables Low Power mode to preserve the remaining charge for as long as possible.
• Never leave a phone unused for weeks or months on end without periodically recharging it. If it is going to be unused for a long period, Apple recommends leaving it at around 50% charged (not full, and not empty).
• You should only use high quality USB power sources to charge your iOS device. They don't have to be Apple's (although Apple makes good ones), but they should never be cheapo USB sources, both because they may damage the phone and they may even injure you.
• You should also use only high quality cables, as cables that do not meet Apple's "Made for iPhone" (MFI) standards can damage your phone (see: Why Counterfeit Lightning Cables Kill iPhones - Motherboard)
• With the iPhone 8 and later you can also benefit from charging with a USB-C power source. This will charge the device much faster, but still safely. See this Apple support link—>Fast charge your iPhone - Apple Support
• When fast charging iOS devices will slow down the charge rate around 75%; the rate then slows down to prevent overcharging. So it will reach 75% very quickly (under an hour), but it can take a couple of hours more to reach full charge.
• When fast charging the internal charger may pause charging at 80% to allow the battery to cool off, and a message may be displayed explaining why it has paused. This is normal, and is not an indication that the phone is overheating.

What kind of power sources can I use?

• You can use any Apple power source ever made, as long as it has a USB-A or USB-C output connection.
• Your can use any 3rd party USB-A power source from a reputable manufacturer that is certified as MFI (Made for iOS)
• You can use any USB-C power source from a reputable manufacturer as long as it meets the USB-C/PD (Power Delivery) standard
• The output power of any power source must be at least 5 watts (10 watts for iPads), but there is no upper limit because the phone regulates the charging rate, not the power source: Thus, a 140 watt MacBook charger is OK→140W USB-C Power Adapter - Apple
• You can use any Qi compatible wireless charger
• You can use any MagSafe compatible charger
• You should not use ANY power source of unknown provenance, such as gas station, online unbranded or supermarket devices

Final Notes:

Keep in mind that batteries are "consumables". Their capacity starts dropping the day they come off the assembly line. Battery life is determined primarily by "full charge cycles" - A full charge cycle is 0% to 100%, or any combination that adds up to 100%, such as 50% to 100% or 30% to 80% twice, 80% to 100% 5 times, etc. The battery will gradually lose capacity, and is rated to remain above 80% capacity (that's total capacity, not charge level) for 500 full charge cycles for an iPhone 14 or earlier (1,000 for an iPhone 15 or later and an iPad). For most people this will be around 2 years for the iPhone. Apple will replace the battery for a reasonable fee (Use this link to find the cost for your model and country→iPhone Battery Replacement - Official Apple Support) if it goes below 80% after the original 1 year warranty or AppleCare+ warranty period. Within the warranty the replacement is free.

While this tip is specifically for iOS devices, the same principles apply to all other Apple devices (watches, AirPods, MacBooks) as well as most other manufacturer’s products that have Lithium chemistry batteries.

==========================

*More about Optimized Charging: I was asked by a user in the iPhone forum (First charge of phone. - Apple Community) why the iPhone does this. There is some evidence that Lithium chemistry batteries should not be left fully charged. So, for example, Tesla recommends not charging the car’s battery beyond 80% unless planning for a long trip, and in fact it can be programmed to do this. That doesn’t mean they should never be fully charged, just that they should not be left at 100% for long periods of time. Most electric bike instructions have the same advice. And Apple recommends storing devices that won’t be used for a while at 50% charge.

When the phone is connected to power and not charging the energy to run the phone comes from the external power source, rather than the battery, thus letting the battery “rest”. And any smartphone is always doing something that uses energy, even when it isn’t actually being used. As the battery’s useful life is measured in full charge cycles, with only a small contribution from chronological age, leaving the battery at 80% but still connected to power achieves 2 aims: Not leaving it at 100% for long periods of time, and reducing the number of full charge cycles while still powering the phone.