Work emails can be tricky, because they often come with a number of restrictions like this. [this was not the fault of your work]
There are some steps you can take to regain access, but there will be some things you will want to look out for along the way.
Do you know if you have a recent backup of your phone?
Find and manage your iTunes backups - Apple Support
If you do, and you see a lock symbol next to any of the backups in the list, that means they are encrypted with a password that was created to protect the contents of that backup. If you remember this, excellent. If you're drawing a question mark, read the following article.
About encrypted backups in iTunes - Apple Support
If there are no encrypted backups to be considered or you are certain you know what that password is, continue on...
Continuing on, let's transfer your purchases in case they aren't all ready and waiting on your computer to be re-synced.
Redownload or transfer your iTunes Store purchases from an iPhone, iPad, or iPod to a computer - Apple Support
I would then move on to this article which will be the MAIN article addressing your bigger picture.
If you forgot the passcode for your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch, or your device is disabled - Apple Support
So long as you have a backup, even if you have to restore your iPhone, when you restore from the recent backup, you will be asked to create a new passcode instead of using the old one. That way you can regain access to your previous content and not have to set absolutely everything back up again. Your work email may need to be setup again, but this will get you access back into your iPhone. Make sure you also know what your iCloud/Apple ID password is as well!
Best of luck