Q: Location from phone number

Contact your carrier for information regarding unknown numbers.

Are you asking if you receive a call from someone unknown if your iPhone is transmitting your location? If that is what you are asking, then the answer is no.

Mobile phones have numbers allocated by the service provider, where the first few digits will normally identify that provider. The number will be the same no matter where the phone is located. There is no way of detecting its location from a received call, nor can the caller detect where you are if you are using a mobile.

Wired phones basically have numbers which identify the geographical area, but there can also be non-geographically specific numbers - though these are usually used in business, perhaps to provide free or cheaper calls. There might be other reasons why the number doesn't match the area it's supposed to be associated with, but basically all the information you can get is the caller's number.

Their name show up because it's in your Contacts and the phone recognizes the number and inserts the name from there. The caller does not transmit their name.

The location that you are seeing in your recent call list has to do with the information being sent by the Caller ID. Depending, as Roger indicated, where the number is assigned from, it can display the City, State area, but not a number if it is being blocked by the caller. Roger's explanation is accurate where specific prefixes are assigned to geographic areas, and can show that information in a call. Lately, at home I've been receiving robocalls which are showing coming from our local area code, when they are not. This is especially prevalent with VoIP calls, since they can put in most whatever they want in the identification area.

I believe what is troubling you has to do with what a phone is doing as far as location is concerned. No, the phone is not transmitting its GPS location to the receiver when a call is made.