Q: I received a email receipt for a purchase I did not make

If you only clicked on the link then nothing is likely to happen (you could run your virus / malware program to give you piece of mind).

But clicking on the link may have the people who sent it know that the email account is active, so you may get further phishing emails

Phishing emails are usually after your id and password, and payment details, they don't result in anything being downloaded and installed - the likelihood of that happening is probably much less than 1%