Hello all,
I had the same problem and I poked around a bit to get it to work again.
Here is what I was able to observe, so my experience may be a bit different than yours. I was able to sync all the songs and movies that I would like but could not sync contacts, calendars, email accounts or bookmarks (basically anything on the "Info" tab in iTunes). Any time I tried to sync those items I was blocked by the "Cannot enable sync..." message. If I tried to only sync the music and videos it would sync fine.
It has only been fixed for about 15 minutes so I don't know if the fix will persist or if if will revert to its' stubborn ways. But here goes.
I quit iTunes, Mail, iCal and Address Book and moved the following directory
~/Library/Application Support/SyncServices
to a temporary location (Desktop for instance). The '~' means in your home directory.
I then restarted iTunes, Mail, iCal and Address Book and connected my iPhone.
I went back to the Info tab in iTunes and reset all of my sync prefs for contacts, calendars, email accounts and bookmarks. If all the iApps listed above are running then you should get the selection list populated in the Info tab of iTunes. It may take a moment or two to read that data from the disk but it should show up. If, for instance, your groups in Address Book don't show up just sync all, and it will pull in the groups and then you can go back and select only the groups you are interested in syncing and re-sync.
If all this works, as it did for me, you can delete the old SyncServices directory you set aside because it will have been recreated by iTunes.
I hope this works for everyone. Good luck.