A link was provided for a list of shortcuts, but I'll mention a few of my favorites:
Power button-Enter Easiest way to turn off your MBP (when power button is pressed, shut down is highlighted and you just press enter)
Command-Q Quits applications
Command-W Closes windows (& tabs in Safari)
Command-H Hide an open application
Command-N Opens a new window in Safari
F12 Dashboard
F11 Shows the desktop, press again to return to the open window
Fn-F9 Displays all of your open windows
Spacebar Not a shortcut, but opens "Quick Look" when browsing Finder (For example, you can't remember the name of a file you saved. While browsing Finder for this file, you can click a document so it's highlighted and press the spacebar. A small window opens showing the document. This is an effective way to browse in Finder because to preview, say, a Word document, Quick Look shows the document in less than a second as opposed to opening MS Word which would take several seconds)
Special Characters
The option key opens the world of special characters. I could not find a list of special characters, so the following is what I have discovered:
Key `1234567890-= For example: Option-3 is £, Option-p is π, etc.
Symbol à ¡ ™ £ ¢ ∞ § ¶ • ª º – ≠
Key qwertyuiop[]\
Symbol œ ∑ é ® † ¥ ü î ø π “ ‘«
Key asdfghjkl;’
Symbol å ß ∂ © ˙ ∆ ˚ ¬ … æ
Key zxcvbnm,./
Symbol Ω ≈ ç √ ñ µ ≤ ≥ ÷ ¿
Shift+Key ?:”{}~!@#$%^&*()_+
Symbol ¯˘¿ÚÆ”’ `⁄€‹›fifl‡°··‚—±