I just wanted to add to the discussion that the same thing happened to me yesterday on my late 2009 MBP. I raided the forums and found this one, and tried most of the suggestions to no avail. After six hours of diagnostics, testing, resets, repairing, etc. I finally gave up and concluded it must be a hardware fault.
Thankfully ethernet was still working so I was using that today and accidentally left my macbook in unplugged. It completely ran out of battery, and so when I realised this it took several minutes after being plugged in for it to startup. Once it did, the calendar was set back to pre-2008 and all my passwords were forgotten, but lo and behold- my airport was merely not configured rather than not installed. It then would register an IP address, but after one more restart it is now working fine again.
If you come across this you may very well have a hardware fault, but it seems even the software faults are not always solved by predictable means! This seems like a pretty big problem for far too many people though (based on the amount of forums around covering it!).