The default MTU setting with OS X is 1500 which is the highest available.
You may need to check with your ISP regarding any changes or for their recommended MTU setting.
In the interim, try the following.
Go to System Preferences > Network.
At Show:, select Built-in Ethernet.
Under the Ethernet tab at Configure, select the pop-up menu and change Automatically to or select Manually (Advanced).
At Maximum Package Size (MTU), select Custom.
Enter 1492 in the space provided and select Apply Now when finished to save the changed settings.
Test if this resolves the problem.
Regarding your Airport Extreme, did you check with your ISP regarding the required settings?