Just to add something--black (as in the color) discs do exist--the plastic the discs are made of is black. Well, actually, they're a very very dark red, but it appears black unless a bright light is shined through it. If it were TRULY black, then the laser couldn't read it.
I've never tried to read a black disc in the newer SuperDrives, since I don't own any black discs. But I doubt there would be a problem with them. I would bet, however, that any laser with a shorter wavelength (e.g., Blu-Ray) would not be able to read such a disc.
Blank discs are a different issue--if the drive fails to recognize a blank disc, it could be a hardware fault. Just go to an Apple Retail Store and schedule an appointment at the Genius Bar.