For the iPhone - the CCD detector is a rectangular chip. So, the long axis (i.e. the 'width' if you hold the iPhone in landscape mode) has a ~53° viewing angle. The short axis (i.e. the 'width if you hold the iPhone in portrait mode) has a viewing angle of ~37.5°. Can't speak for other camera phones.
A nice exercise with a ruler, and thanks for making me dredge my memory for the Pythagorean theorem and the formula to solve an isosceles triangle!