Everything is working now. The last problem was that the projector has a "Computer 1" and "Computer 2" toggle, and I assumed that with only one computer connected it was "Computer 1". I toggled to "Computer 2" and the message changed from "No signal detected" to "Perfecting image." Same blue screen, but I waited a bit and then the projector displayed the computer screen.
To summarize the problems, and solutions:
- VESA (the projector's input) is the same as VGA (the MacBook's output).
- The aluminum MacBooks (late 2008) don't have adapters for composite video or S-video and apparently never will.
- The MacBook has a mini-DisplayPort, not a mini-DVI. Don't buy a mini-DVI-to-VGA adapter.
- Apple sells a mini-DisplayPort-to-VGA adapter for $29, or you can get one on eBay for $25. Some of Apple's mini-DisplayPort-to-VGA adapters needed a firmware update (download from Apple) to prevent image quality problems. (The adapter I bought didn't need the firmware update, so presumably new adapters don't have this problem.)
- The projector toggles between "Video" input, "Computer 1" and "Computer 2". Don't assume that if you have only one computer it's "Computer 1". Toggle to "Computer 2" then wait a bit to see if your screen appears on the projector.
- Best advice of all: don't buy a 10-year-old projector. Look for a projector with USB or Firewire or something with fewer headaches!