Hi Alex,
Open Keychain Access in Utilities, use Keychain First Aid under the Window Menu item.
Resetting your keychain in Mac OS X...
If Keychain First Aid finds an issue that it cannot repair, or if you do not know your keychain password, you may need to reset your keychain.
http://support.apple.com/kb/TS1544
Drag this file to the desktop and reboot...
/Users/YourUserName/Library/Preferences/com.apple.keychainaccess.plist
Many ways to backup without TM...
Get carbon copy cloner to make an exact copy of your old HD to the New one...
http://www.bombich.com/software/ccc.html
SuperDuper...
http://www.shirt-pocket.com/SuperDuper/
Have a look at Synchronize! Pro X 6.0.5
http://www.macupdate.com/info.php/id/6897/synchronize!-pro-x
Or the most expensive one & my favorite, Tri-Backup...
http://www.tri-edre.com/english/tribackup.html
In a pinch you can copy/backup these folders...
/Library/Keychains
/System/Library/Keychains
/Users/YourUserName/Library/Keychains