I just wanted to chime in on this, since I recently acquired a used Macbook Pro 17" 2.4 Ghz. I swapped out my hard drive from an older MB Pro 15" 2.16 machine, and for about the last week, the fans would run very loudly, even
without anything open or me using it. Finally I got fed-up, and decided I would try fixing it, or failing that reinstall SL from scratch.
Like me I'm guessing many users have probably upgraded their OSes over time, instead of a new install. I think I've done this since 10.2. What this means of course is that stuff that's been installed over time into your OS, has probably polluted the upgrade.
Anyway, this was my guess, and I started with Activity monitor and tried to determine which processes weren't sleeping. Saw Launchd kept restarting and dying. Next took a look with Console, and looked at all the errors; and noted a number of things were generating errors.
In my case, I had things like Frontbase, Primebase, MySQL, and Adobe's VersionCue (part of CS3) that weren't starting up properly. Some of these apps aren't compatible with SL, others like VersionCue I don't use. Next, I determined there are various directories /Library/LaunchDaemons, /Library/StartupItems, /etc/mach
init_peruser.d, that other applications can install their services too.
I copied all these files and moved them out of the above directories; restarted, and after monitoring for a day - my cpu usage is still 98% idle.
Keeping a small story short ..
Since then my fans have not come on at all, and though my cpu spikes normally while doing intensive tasks, but drops right back down, even though I have numerous apps like Lightroom 3, Photoshop, XCode, the iPhone Simulator, Mail, Safari (with Flash sites), running simultaneously.
My problem is solved, and I'm happy once again.
Good luck