I had this. Same deal: disk repair, disk permissions, hardware test all were clean and didn't help, safe boot worked but didn't magically get things set right, etc., etc. Was resigned to an archive and reinstall, or an erase and reinstall.
But here's how I avoided that and got up and running again:
Held shift-command-v down at startup (
as described here in the "safe boot" section). Got a screen that displays the system's status during its bootup steps.
In my case there were a number of references similar to this:
<pre>Kext com.apple.driver.DiskImages - library kext com.apple.iokit.IOStorageFamily not found.</pre>
In each case, IOStorageFamily was cited as not found. I safe booted and found the .kext file /System/Library/Extensions/IOStorageFamily.kext, so I assumed it was corrupt. I was able to go back into my Time Machine folders and manually locate an older backup of that file. I right-clicked it and was given the opportunity to restore it to any location, so I did so, selecting the option to keep both the apparently corrupt version and the older, probably clean one. In order to restore a system .kext file I had to supply my password. The corrupt version was saved as IOStorageFamily (original).kext next to the new version.
Caveat: The only time I would do this is when I've resigned myself to reinstalling the OS anyway. I bet a lot of you are smart enough to know what's safe etc. but I am better off playing it safe. I felt it couldn't hurt in this case. I would strongly recommend that if you try this you keep the "original" or "corrupt??" version of any file you replace with an older one.
As they say: HTH, YMMV.
Now to figure out if something is going to keep corrupting that file.......