Okay, I had some time to test a little more. I plugged in the external monitor, turned off automatic switching, and eventually (though it took a while longer this time, ~10 mins) the problem returned.
Right now, I am on JUST the external monitor (laptop shut with external keyboard attached) and so far no problems after (30 mins of usage which is usually enough time for it to come).
Likely candidates for my problem thus far: 1) software glitch due to extended monitor space, 2) hardware issue due to driving card too hard (heat death), with the assumption that I've only driven the card hard with the extended monitor. To test theory two, I need to run the computer without or only on external monitor while running something graphic intensive. Eventually, the problem should hit me even in this scenario. I have some doubts about the heat theory because the laptop doesn't appear to get too hot, but a hardware problem doesn't necessarily mean its a heat problem. Will write more when results are in.
Right now, it's looking likely that I will turn this machine into an apple store for repairs.