At the point in the boot up process when you see the Apple Logo, your Mac completed its POST test, and since you are booting from an external drive, it will look for the BootX booter file located in the /System/Library/CoreServices folder on that drive. BootX booter is responsible for loading the macOS kernel environment.
When the progress bar appears on the screen, your Mac is loading a number of kernel extensions. These are basically device drivers that are stored in /System/Library/Extensions. Depending on how many there are, this can take some time, especially from an external drive. The fact that you see an Apple Logo "change size" could be due to the effects of the video driver being loaded, and then started.
Did you enable TRIM on this drive?