Thank you!
Your references to Sonar confirm my suspicion that something quite strange is going on here. I had already gathered that .xtf files were used in hydrographical studies: as the Wikipedia page says "XTF is the most commonly used format for this type of information in the hydrographic survey industry. XTF supports sources including sidescan sonar, shallow seismic and multibeam bathymetry, as well as associated position and altitude information."
But these files are found on the website of the National Palace Museum, Taiwan, as part of the catalog entry for a digitised book, of which they contain (presumably) digitised images - in fact the links to the files are on a line labelled with the Chinese word 影像 yingxiang, meaning 'images'. Why would anybody use an .xtf file for such a purpose?
Here is the relevant line:
影像204000082001-0-0.TIF ; 204000082002-0-0.TIF ; 204000082003-0-0.TIF
As you can see, the names of the files are given on the page with the .TIF extension. But when I clicked on the first one, I got a downloaded file 11.5 MB in size, named 'image.xtf'. (If I change that to .tif the file is rejected by Preview as inoperable).
So I am wondering if the downloaded files are mislabelled, and there is some kind of (compressed?) image file that has an extension that differences by a single letter from .xtf. Does anybody have a suggestion I could try?