Safari and camera apps disappeared. Tried everything to get them back. Any other ideas?

Since the Camera and Safari apps cannot be deleted on the iPhone, and you say that you have tried resetting the home screen layout, restore the device to factory and set it up as new, not using a backup. Do you see the Camera app and Safari? If yes, then the problem is in your backup, since the problems recur with using your backup. I suggest adding your content back manually if the apps are present when you set the device up as new.

Might be a little late for this, but its sounds like you had some Parental restrictions App in place that was setup to disable those apps.

Which is why they appeared while the app was not loaded onto the iPhone, but disappeared as soon as the parental App loaded and setup its restrictions again.

Glad you were able to figure it out. When Exchange accounts are loaded onto a phone, the Exchange Administrator has the option to set restrictions for certain things, such as requirements for a passcode and when the phone locks, and the ability to remotely wipe the entire device to protect company assets.

Yes, you will need to speak to IT, ask for the Exchange Administrator and see if they will allow those apps. Many times it is against company policy, such as a requirement to disable cameras on property, to prevent photos of intellectual property. Or, it may just be they forgot to turn off those switches!

Settings>Screen Time>Content & Privacy Restrictions.

Sounds like you disabled the there.