Can my MacBook Pro (2016, Touch Bar) be damaged by my cat jumping / walking on it?

Retina MBPs like yours have a sealed display unit. In addition they are not as robust and the earlier non-Retina models. They can flex. If the display glass breaks, you have to replace the entire unit to the tune of US$500-600. Why take the chance?

Also close the lid when you are away from the computer. Based on many reports here, the smell of an open notebook computer causes cats to immediately become nauseous and incontinent. They leave a generous biological sample on the keyboard for your approval. As most service providers will not touch a computer with any bio-contaminant, you end up binning the whole thing.

ElijahR2002 wrote:

My cat weighs around 10 lbs, and likes to jump on the coffee table and couch that I leave my MacBook Pro on. It has a year-old plastic case on it but does have noticeable wear and tear on it. My main concern is that she will break or crack the MacBook's screen by jumping or laying on it. What do you think? I can't watch my MacBook 24/7, and cats do like to be active at night when I'm asleep. Do you think she can break or crack my MacBook if she jumps on it, or walks and lays on it for a prolonged period of time.

Of course they can break it. Glass and other components are not flexible. Put your computer away after you are finished using it.

ElijahR2002 wrote:

My cat weighs around 10 lbs,

Do you think she can break or crack my MacBook if she jumps on it, or walks and lays on it for a prolonged period of time.

Most definitely—you are putting your Mac at risk !

If you have AppleCare+ it will cover a large portion of accidental damage.

https://www.apple.com/support/products/mac.html

AppleCare+ (similar for iPhone and iPad, each incident of accidental damage) for Mac will carry its own price tag. Screen damage or “external enclosure damage” will run $99 per incident, while other damage, including water damage, will run $299. Users receive coverage of two incidents under AppleCare+, and after the two incidents have been used up, out-of-warratny replacement rates will apply

I wouldn’t recommend it. You never really know. I’d worry more about a cat knocking it off a table.