I would tend to agree that this isn't Apple trying to shake us down for more money. My original post to this board misunderstood the original problem...but I was also seeing syncing issues. I believe I started syncing my entire photo library to my iPhone and iPad Pro only in the past year because I was able to afford the space to do so. But from the very beginning, pre-Catalina, my folders disappeared. To be clear, all my photo albums copied over, but the enclosing folder hierarchy evaporated.
Since I was an Aperture migrant, all my folders were inside the iPhoto Albums folder (or something like that). And then they were broken down my year (e.g. 2017), and then in each year's folder were albums. In rare cases did I go one more level deep in folders. When they sync, they'e loaded onto the iDevice in the order they appear in the left-hand nav bar in Photos. Fortunately for me, I prefaced the name of each of my albums with the year (e.g. 2017 | Barcelona). But with up to 15 albums in each year going back to 1967, I have a lot of scrolling to do on my iDevice to get to those early years.
In retrospect, this is a bug, right? But it happened this way before Catalina. I know smart albums have never copied over, though I must say with the computing power on our iDevices these days I don't understand why not.
If turning on iCloud Photo sync brings me that folder structure to my iDevices, I just may do that. But that makes it even more apparent that losing that structure syncing over a wire has got to be a bug...one that goes back at least to the previous macOS/iOS versions if not further back.