Just an Update to my previous post: (note: I use Photos for image editing)
Installed the recent Catalina Supplemental update, and then did some more Syncing (iMac to iPhone) with different combos of Folders and Albums.
Have all worked so far. Maybe I've been lucky (so far)!
I think my earlier theory that the Photos Library corrupts in Catalina and Repairing it only works for some Users is holding.
Previous Post:
(1) Have had major problems syncing images from iMac (2017) to iPhone 6, from Folders in Photos as well as other minor syncing probs. with Catalina. Solved for now (hopefully).
Tried the suggestions from MikeyBananas and, unlike many Users, had reasonable success.
That is, I did a Repair in Photos on the Library (took about 2 hour for 16,000 images just so you know. Seemed stuck on 74% Restoring but eventually reached 100% complete). Rebooted in Safe Mode, as per Mikey's suggestion (dunno why this would help), and then rebooted normally.
Synced a few Folders in my Photos Library to iPhone. Successful (first time Folders have synced for me).
Synced a few more Folders. Successful except a few Albums on my iPhone had a few missing images.
Manually selected ALL my Folders and other Albums in my Library and synced then to my iPhone. Total success. All images on my iPhone.
Obviously still not ideal (as multiple Syncs were needed), and may still fail on the next Sync.
(And I know the steps above don't work for everyone because of reasons in my original Post)