How do I restrict your sharing my phone number to advertisers who keep calling me?

These days, it’s super coming for computer systems just roll down a list of every possible phone number not listed on a do-not-call registry (in the US at least, and sometimes just every phone number if they’re committing fraud), only connecting with a real human if someone answers. Be diligent blocking callers you don’t want to hear from and make sure you’re on a do not call registry if your country offers one. Also helps to add the phone numbers of businesses you do want calls from so they come up with a name just like your contacts.

Apple does not share your phone number with anyone.

No. They didn't.

The call you got was a scam. It's just a coincidence that you were actually looking at job sites recently.