I've encountered this macOS bug on some systems. To access your account you will first need to create a new user account. After creating a new user account your old account will be visible on the login screen again. You will need to keep this new user account until Apple fixes this bug.
To create a new user account you need to boot into Recovery Mode. Once booted to Recovery Mode launch the Terminal app from the Utilities menu. Then type the following commands and press the "Return" key at the end of each line.
Find the volume name for your boot volume:
mount | grep -i volume
Unless you renamed your boot volume the default volume name for macOS is "Macintosh HD".
Now enter the following command. Make sure to substitute the name of your actual boot volume in place of "Macintosh HD" in my example.
rm -i "/Volumes/Macintosh HD/var/db/.AppleSetupDone"
Now restart the computer. Setup Assistant should run so you can create a new administrator account. Once you complete the setup process reboot the computer again and you should now see your login name & picture displayed as an option.