The OS is located on the "Macintosh HD" volume. User data is located on the "Macintosh HD - Data" volume.
If you erased the drive volume, then why not erase the whole physical drive instead? If the physical drive is not seen in Disk Utility, then click on "View" and select "Show all devices" option so that the physical drive appears in the left pane of Disk Utility. I don't know if this is an option when booted from the local Recovery Mode (Command + R), but it should be an option when booted to Internet Recovery Mode (Command + Option + R) or from a bootable macOS USB installer. For Catalina the drive must be erased as GUID partition and APFS (top option).