Hi, memchale,
Thanks for posting in the Apple Support Communities. I understand that you'd like to import a CD into iTunes, then transfer the music to your iPhone. I'm happy to help.
The steps to importing your CD can be found in the Apple Support article Import songs from CDs into iTunes on PC - Apple Support.
Once you've completed the import, you can connect your phone directly to your computer and sync the music: Sync your iPhone, iPad, or iPod using your computer - Apple Support, or you can use iTunes Match: Subscribe to iTunes Match - Apple Support or Apple Music: Join Apple Music on your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, or PC - Apple Support to access all of your music on all devices you use. In addition, if you use Apple Music you'll also get access to stream and download music from the entire Apple Music catalogue.
Happy listening!