Apple does not phase out operating systems. You can continue to use Mojave until your computer fails at some point. There is a three-year, sliding update schedule for Apple operating systems, so right now, Mojave will receive Security and browser updates for two more years. Microsoft also follows Apple's support window, so in two more years, you will not be able to install a new Office for Mac distribution on Mojave.
Catalina is a new operating system, and is expected to receive several more updates in 2020.
Your Office for Mac solution ceased to work with Catalina because it is a 32-bit, Microsoft retired Office suite, and Catalina requires the newer Office 365 (subscription) or a single purchase license for Office 2019 for Mac. These are 64-bit solutions currently receiving updates from Microsoft.
There are contemporary, non-subscription applications, for under $100USD in the Mac App Store, that can replace any older 32-bit Adobe applications that existed prior to Adobe's subscription program.