Can I look on my iCloud to see a photo I accidentally deleted?

It should be in the Recently Deleted album on your phone. Open the Photos app, tap Albums at the bottom of the screen and then scroll all of the way down to Recently Deleted.

Also see: Get help with missing photos - Apple Support

Sorry, I don't know of a way to recover it then.

You can use a computer and log into iCloud.com and go to Photos - Recently Deleted there but it uses the same rule and would be gone there also.