Two Factor Authentication

The code isn’t sent, by default, to your cell number anyway. It is sent by encrypted iCloud push notification to all your trusted devices simultaneously. Do you have another device using that same AppleID you could receive the code on? Did you setup a second, backup voice or SMS number to get the code by text or automatic voice call?

See if anything here helps.  If necessary, you can use account recovery as explained in the link at bottom of the article.

Verification code - how to get one and sign in with two-factor authentication

Good luck. Apple handcuffs you with this nonsense and is no help in resolving issue. Supposedly you can login to your ID and change how it’s sent. Who knows? It’s a mess.