This is an issue with both Apple, Intel and Microsoft.
Intel: they have developed power hungry and powerful processors that compared to other current market options are not that efficient.
Apple: they have developed sleek devices which look great and have metal bases to assist with cooling efficient processors. Apple uses the Intel processors which heat up quick and the Macbook's cannot cool without the fans kicking on.
Microsoft: Developed Teams as an Electron app, which let's it develop and update the application for all platforms really easily. The downside here is that it has overhead involved in running the application which makes it less efficient. Teams is also more than just a video conferencing application, providing businesses with a full unified communication+ application, and therefore often uses more resources.
So combining everything together, Teams does use more processing power than other dedicated video chat only applications (Zoom, Bluejeans, etc). As such, your processor will get warmer, and therefore need to be cooled more actively kicking the fan on to maintain safe temperatures.
To answer the question about longevity, having the fans run is a good thing as it keeps the laptop cool so it will last. They are designed to run and the system will prevent the processor exceeding certain temperature thresholds that could shorten the lifespan. So ultimately, no it won't degrade your device unless you set your computer on a dust pile and the fans suck in said dust and clog up the cooling system.
Finally, disabling the GPU acceleration ends up putting more load on the CPU which could make things worse than allowing GPU acceleration. Granted, the GPU is built in to the CPU in most of these cases which use the same cooling system. The only thing you'll really end up achieving by disabling the GPU is worse performance elsewhere, specifically when multitasking.
So how do you minimize some of this:
1) Use headphones or a headset when in a call. Nothing is worse than being on a call with someone using the built in mic. They pick up a lot of extraneous noises and it's unpleasant for everyone. When using headphones with a microphone has the mic near your face for better audio, plus you then won't be able to hear the fan as you have headphones in. Win-win.
2) Put your laptop on a hard surface. Blankets, carpet, pants, etc will insulate keeping the heat in rather than letting dissipate causing more heat, as well as blocking the fan ports causing more troubles. If you don't have a desk or table, order a lap stand or go buy a small piece of wood from your local hardware store to place your laptop on. We call them laptops, but they are not.