Hi Ryan,
Welcome to Apple Support Communities. I understand that the display on your iPhone is black, but the device still seems to be on. I also see that you've tried connecting to iTunes in order to sync or back up, but you're having trouble. I know how important it is to be able to use your iPhone; I'd like to help. You've done some great troubleshooting on your own, thank you for including that information. I'd recommend using the following resource to verify the steps you took to force your iPhone to restart and reinstall iOS, if necessary: If your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch won't turn on or is frozen
Please pay close attention to step four in the section titled "If your device turns on but gets stuck during start up" and choose to "Update" in order to prevent data loss.
If you continue to have trouble with your display, reach out to Apple for additional assistance: Get Support
Best Regards.