Why did I receive earphones with wires with my iPhone 10 if they don’t work with them?

The iPhone X (and later models) shipped with EarPods with Lightning connector. They plug into the lightning port on the phone.

https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MMTN2AM/A/earpods-with-lightning-connector

Who says you can’t?

All iPhones have always come with wired headphones. Starting with the iPhone 7, the included wired headphones have a lightning connector you can plug into the iPhone’s charging port.