I’m being asked to login with my Apple ID and not my 9-digit password

What happened is the apps you installed from your employer also installed a profile that required a more secure passcode than 8 digits.

What you arre seeing is not the request for your Apple ID password. Its a request for the passcode you entered when you installed the Apps that it prompted you to update. This is the passcode for your iPhone now. Your employer is requiring you have a more secure passcocde for your phone to use their Apps.

It has nothing to do with your Apple ID password.

The first thing to do, is to go to Settings->General->Profiles and look for the profile installed by your employer's Apps. If you see one, remove it.

Then go to Settings->Face ID & Passcode->Change Passcode and change it back to whatever it is you wanted to have.

Have you tried swiping up from the bottom of the screen?

Is this a work supplied phone?

Did your company install a MDM profile?

Did you install an outlook profile or account?

Now the obvious question, I think. Have you asked your employer about this?

Try using the same password that you used while assuming it to be "appeared to be related to one of my work apps asking me to update my password"

What happens when you enter the password? Have you tired entering the password and then swipe up from the bottom?

I have no clue. I asked for help from some of the other higher level community members. Hopefully someone will take a look and have an idea for you.