Those are all spam/phishing calls. Their goal is to get your Apple ID and password information among other things. You should just hang up on them as you did. Apple will never call you without informing you that they are and will not ask any personal level information such as passwords etc.
I know that those calls are nuisance and at times dangerous if inadvertently any personal information is exchanged. You cannot directly block those calls because they do not appear to originate from one single number. You can use the Silence Unknown Callers feature on your iPhone however that will silence ALL callers that are NOT on your contact list. If that is what you can live with then here is to activate that feature:
Open Settings ➔ Phone ➔ Silence Unknown Callers - Set this to ON.
Axel F.