How do we get a verification code from a phone that’s been lost?
How do we retrieve an verification code from a lost phone
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You can’t. You need to get the code from another Apple device that is logged in to the same Apple ID, or from one of the alternative trusted numbers that you (hopefully) created when you enabled 2 factor authentication.
Here is more detailed information—>Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication - Apple Support