Lost my phone and need to login to my Apple ID on a new phone

• The fastest and easiest way is to reset your password from an Apple device. Borrow a friend or family member’s iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch and use the Apple Support app to reset your password.
• If your friend or family member can't get the Apple Support app, you can use the Find My iPhone app to reset your Apple ID password on a device with iOS 9 through 12.

Do you have 2 Factor Authentication enabled on your Apple ID and you need a verification code? If that isn't the problem, more information would help.

See if anything here helps.  If necessary, you can use account recovery as explained in the link at bottom of the article.

Verification code - how to get one and sign in with two-factor authentication.