SOLVED: Ok, it’s late at night so I did not want to call Apple support so I clicked “Get Apple Support App” on the Coverage screen (shown in the screenshot from my initial question post) thinking I could submit a ticket and they’d respond in the morning. The second I downloaded it, it changed my screen from the original screenshot (in my initial question post) to the first screenshot below. I don’t know if there was some glitch preventing me from being able to renew AppleCare without first downloading the support app or if that’s how it’s supposed to work but downloading the support app changed my Coverage screen to the below and then when I went to the About screen, it showed the “AppleCare+ Coverage Available” which it had never shown before (second screenshot below; this second screenshot below is from Google Images because I did not think to screenshot my phone before clicking it because I was so excited it was available, sorry). So, now I have renewed my coverage with monthly payments and resolved the issue. Basically, downloading the support app somehow made all this available even though I never even opened the app. Weird but at least it was fixed ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ 
