Welcome to the discussions,
contacts, photos and events should also be saved on your computer address book, photo folder and calendar program or similar places.
If you included the backup folder in your computer backup, you should be able to restore it again by replacing the existing one. Here's where it is located:
Windows Vista and Windows 7: \Users\(username)\AppData\Roaming\Apple Computer\MobileSync\Backup\
copied from:
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1766
If you don't have a backup of that folder, your information is lost.