This should really be a sticky somewhere.
High school physics: P=VI
iPhone 4/3Gs charger:
5W = 0.5A * 10V
iPhone charger officially supports iPhone only. Unofficially, if plugged into an iPad, will
power the iPad but not charge it (unless the iPad is sleeping)
iPad charger:
10W = 1.0A * 10V
Will charge an iPad. Will charge an iPhone 4 and 3Gs twice as fast as normal. Apple supports using this charger for the iPad, iPhone 4, and iPhone 3Gs.
USB-IF 2.0 Standard port:
5W = 0.5A * 10V
Officially, charging an iPad this way is not supported. Will charge iPhone 4/3Gs/3G at same rate as the iPhone chargers, and is officially supported for those only.
Apple non-standard USB port on newer Macs/Macbooks:
10W = 1.0A * 10V
Will charge an iPad at same rate as iPad charger. Will fall back to 0.5A for iPhone 4/3Gs. This is officially supported by Apple.