I lost my iPhone, can I order a new one freely?

Make sure you put it in lost mode following https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201472

As for a free replacement, no. If you’re in an area that offers AppleCare+ Theft and loss and you bought this coverage you can file a claim and pay the deductible. https://support.apple.com/iphone/theft-loss-claims

Claiming your phone didn't last for a year is a bit different when you actually lost your phone.

Of course you don't get to claim a free new phone. You lost your phone. That's on you, not Apple.