How do I separate text messages from my phone and my husband’s? We share the same Apple ID

don't use the same appleID in all things apple it makes you the same person,

you can resolve the messages bit by disabling imessage on both devices settings->messages->imessage

but you will forever share the same call log unless you each get your own appleID

read

Is It A Good Idea To Share An Apple ID? - basiccomputertips.com

and use family sharing instead

Use your own Apple ID for Family Sharing - Apple Support