The easiest way to prevent a syncing with iCloud Drive is to move the the documents and data you do not want to sync to other devices to a local folder in your user home folder -create a folder "Documents Local" or similar and drag the files there.
The main purpose of iCloud Drive is to keep the documents and data identical across all your devices - so everything you move go iCloud Drive will be synced to our other devices. There is no feature to place files on iCloud Drive, but not having them sync to other devices.
You can just prevent files from uploading to iCloud Drive at all by adding the filename extension .nosync to the filename or folder name. This filename extension will prevent files in the iCloud Drive folder from uploading to iCloud at all. They will remain local and not appear on other devices. You will see a crossed out cloud badge behind the filename on iCloud Drive. For example: 
One more thing: You mentioned that you are using iCloud Drive as a backup. iCloud Drive is not a backup, it is just an off-site storage. If your house burns down or your Mac is lost or stolen, you can recover the files from iCloud Drive, as they are stored on Apple's servers. But moving files to iCloud Drive does not create a backup copy for you. If you delete files or folders yourself from iCloud Drive or some files get damaged by buggy software, you cannot recover them from iCloud, if the files on iCloud Drive have been your only copy. iCloud Drive cannot serve as a backup, unless you are keeping only duplicates of your working files there. So don't forget to make regular backups, for example with Time Machine.