No. Reinstalling macOS does not have to wipe all other data that you have stored. It is often recommended to reinstall macOS on top of the current installation. It is done from the Recovery partition using the same Command-R reboot.
Usual Guidance - Always ensure that you have backed up your computer before you attempt these type of macOS corrections.
To non-destructively reinstall macOS as a troubleshooting measure - without deleting user files, documents, pics and vids, etc. – boot your Mac in Recovery mode by restarting and when you hear the startup chime press the Command-R (⌘R) keys until you see the Apple logo and progress bar. Use a wired USB keyboard for this.
• When you are presented with the macOS Utilities window, select Disk Utility and run First Aid on your startup disk to ensure there are no problems with the drive and volumes. If DU reports things are all good, quit DU and return to the macOS Utilities window. DO NOT erase, partition, format, delete or otherwise alter your startup disk.
How to repair a Mac Disk with Disk Utility - Apple Support
• Select "Reinstall macOS..." and follow the prompts. MacOS will reinstall a fresh copy on top of the existing installation. When the task is complete the computer will reboot and you can continue to use your Mac as before.
How to reinstall macOS - Apple Support:
https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204904
NOTE– You should not have to erase, delete, format, partition or otherwise alter your startup disk for this. If that becomes an option, quit the process and restart your Mac. Then come back here for additional guidance.
