Thanks for the work on all the screenshots.. helps no end.
I can explain the issue and work out how to fix it now.
Because the Xfinity is not too smart when it comes to Mac OS it is not handling bonjour very well. Although your laptop is connected to the Time Capsule which is correctly bridged, it is getting the DHCP info from Xfinity. But not the full or correct info.
1) So here is the super easy test for the problem.. Reboot the TC.. ie power off for 10sec.. power on again.. wait a minute or two for everything to settle down. Check in Finder again.
No luck..
Reboot both the Xfinity and the TC.. power up Xfinity and wait 2min .. then power up the TC. Amazing the number of things this fixes.
Not long term solution but helps because it is a fix you do occasionally need.
2) More permanent.. open up your wireless network preferences on the computer. You will likely find that Xfinity has passed to the computer the search domain..

But your TC is not actually on that domain. So let me suggest the next easiest fix.. which may or may not work.
In this area remove the domain and leave it empty if possible .. if not put in the domain local as you see I have. Apple airports always live at local. This will have no effect on your searches on the internet.

Then click OK and Apply at the main screen.. Does that help?
No problem is you have not solved it yet.. that is merely easy method. Perhaps too easy.
If it works.. you won.. leave it be until you have issues again.. then go for next section
3) Now the bit more complicated method.
There are two parts to this. Firstly we need the lock the IP address of the TC as it can change from time to time as the Xfinity sees fit.. but we want it to never move. You can do it by using DHCP reservations in the Xfinity.. look up the manual for how.. but for this exercise we can fix it right on the TC. This is always worth doing at least the first part.. as it helps the computer no end to find the TC.
Part 1
Go to the Internet tab of the TC in Airport Utility.
Where it says DHCP change it to Static.

When you do that the current values all stick (except perhaps DNS which you will need to add manually)
Exactly as this screen. (you can change the main IP or it might have already changed.. 10.0.0.100 has easier memonic).

Part 2
Now that the TC has fixed IP we can find it in Big Sur at any time by using its local network address.
In Finder.. use Go, Connect to Server.

Type into the box exactly as follows.. afp://10.0.0.83 (or whatever you made your IP address).
Later Mac OS try to fill it in automagically but make sure what you end up with is this.

Click the connect button and it will allow you to type in your password.. and save to your keychain.. which you should do.
It should now mount your TC in Finder. And you can copy files to and fro at will. Test it to be sure.
I am finding (sic) Finder has changed a bit between versions and I am still getting used to how it appears in later stuff..
It could appear in your Finder just as Naples Airport or it could show up as 10.0.0.83.. it does not matter which as they are identical. It could even show up as both.. one and the same device but with two names.. this seems to be gone on the later Finder.
Once you get to Finder working it will work in Time Machine albeit you might need to add the disk in as if it is new .. TM will say it is going to do a new backup but will simply find the existing ones and power on.
Post back if anything does not work or you run into trouble.. screenshots... oh so helpful.
Do write down the IP address of the TC you set.. on a label and place on the bottom of the TC so you can always find it.. passwords can be added too.. very hard to remember IP addresses.