Android Focus Mode can do both, and has been able to do both for years. I'm consistently shocked and disappointed by how far behind iOS is. I bought into the iPhone 12 because this was supposed to be cutting edge but it's so far from it. As soon as I have this phone paid off I'm jumping back to Android. What is this phone good for. Seriously.
Screen Time does not solve this issue. If I tell Screen Time I want an hour per day on my social apps, it can't limit me from accessing that hour during my work time. I could tell Screen Time I want my social apps to have zero minutes per day, but then at the end of my work day I'd have to go into Screen Time and allow myself time, adding ridiculous extra steps. I could go to extreme lengths every day to set up a Downtime to make sure that I'm not getting into those apps but can still access my work apps during the work day. Honestly this is absurd. Because this isn't even what Downtime is supposed to be for. Why can't blocking apps be tied to Focus? Or at the very least why isn't there any avenue for me to create an automation that blocks me from accessing certain apps when a Focus is turned on? I'm at a loss here.