How do I buy iPhone storage?

You can not increase the storage capacity of any iPhone.

iCloud storage is online storage for backup.

See this Apple articles below

If you need more space for an update on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203097

How to check the storage on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch

https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT201656

Clear Other storage on your iPhone or iPad

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211686

What's the difference between device storage and iCloud storage?

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT206504