If your iPhone is patched to current, and if you’re not (for instance) an investigative journalist, political dissident, someone with access to sensitive or classified information, a political opponent of somebody very rich and powerful, etc. then malware is unlikely.
If you are a target, then yes, SMS has been one vector used for infecting iPhone and iPad. Based on what’s been known and found about these campaigns, very rarely used, too.
Of what has been reported, restarting the iPhone or iPad has been enough to disable most of the malware. Much of what has been used has (deliberately) not been persistent (i.e. won’t survive a restart), and the malware has been reintroduced as needed. This particularly happening with the zero-click malware. Which was not the case here.
If you are not a target… What will happen here are more scams and more phishing. You made yourself more valuable to the scammers and those they sell info to. They’ll be (re)selling your telephone number as one that connects to somebody, and that will click.
Set all unrecognized senders to mute, and best avoid becoming mad or curious or panicked or fearful whatever means the advertisers try to use to get you to do what they want.
Phishing and scams are common: Recognize and avoid phishing messages, phony support calls, and other scams - Apple Support