Syncing via USB will always save the originals, not the edited versions. The originals are the more important items, as they are having the best quality.
To transfer the edited versions as well you have to save a copy of the edited version as a new photo in Photos on your iPhone. Only then the syncing via USB will also transfer the edited version.
It would be much more convenient to use iCloud Photos to sync your iPhone Photos to your Mac. You made it clear that you do not want to use iCloud, but it is the only way to sync edited versions paired with the original as an entity to the Mac, so you can modify the adjustments, revert to the original. The Photos Library on your Mac will always be identical to the library on your Mac.
If you do not have enough storage on the iPhone to hold all photos from your Mac, you could create an additional new, empty library on your Mac, just for syncing with iCloud.