I have a "trusted" apple device that I want to share with someone. How can I prevent my apple device from receiving Apple ID verification codes

Sharing an Apple ID with another person doesn’t work the way you will want, as you’ll get notifications mixed, as well as other and expected behaviors.

Create an Apple ID for the person and sign them in and enable and use Family Sharing, if you want to share purchases and subscriptions.

As for your question… Per Apple: Trusted devices

A trusted device is an iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch with iOS 9 or later, or Mac with OS X El Capitan or later that you've already signed in to using two-factor authentication. It’s a device we know is yours and that can be used to verify your identity by displaying a verification code from Apple when you sign in on a different device or browser. An Apple Watch with watchOS 6 or later can receive verification codes when you sign in with your Apple ID, but cannot act as a trusted device for password resets. 

Which means signing out from the Apple ID: Check your Apple ID device list to see where you're signed in - Apple Support